Evolution of computer technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evolution of computer technology - Essay Example The use of RISC overlaps many concepts in computer technology, with pipelining being one of the main characteristics of RISC (Cocke and Markstein, 2000). Pipelining typically refers to the improvement of the speed of processing instructions in a computer processor. In this concept, multiple instructions overlap in processing so that more instructions are processed. Instead of the computer processing one instruction at a time, many instructions are processed simultaneously. The processing of instructions is done in machine cycles, where one instruction is processed in one stage and moved to the next while another instruction is processed in the first stage. The main stages of pipelining include fetching the instruction, decoding, execution, memory access and write back (Cocke and Markstein, 2000). Similarly, superscalar processing improves the notion of pipelining in RISC. Earliest evolutions of RISC processors aimed to execute at the rate of one instruction per cycle, but with the in troduction of superscalar processors, this has been improved to more than one instruction per cycle. For the effective performance of computer technology, the memory that affects the speed needs to be effectively managed. According to Cocke and Markstein (2000), memory system management refers to the allocation and security of portions of computer memory to different programs. Memory system management helps in multitasking in the computer since it utilizes the concepts of pipelining and superscalar processing to ensure that computer programs are effectively managed. Memory system management is usually covered in four main concepts, with the main one being relocation. Cocke and Markstein (2000) indicate that virtual memory management should account for the storage of different parts of memory in different places, and also provide for the recalling of this memory. When a program is swapped in a pipeline, it is not placed in the original memory, which means that effective memory manage ment should tell where the program is stored for easy recall. The second concept is that of protection, where the different processes should be protected from each others’ references to avoid corruption (Carter, 2001). However, the different processes sometimes need to share memory, so memory system management should also be able to account for the sharing of information. Shared memory therefore forms part of inter-process memory, which effectively increases processing speed. Finally, memory system management should have effective methods of allocation of memory to different processes and programs in the computer. Logical allocations of the different modules in a program ensure that programs that need to share references are allocated effectively and others separated in other parts of memory. An example of effective memory allocation methods in memory system management is segmentation, where the memory is separated according to modules. One other concept that is used to incre ase the efficiency of processors is the use of caching. The use of cache memory is important since it is the bridge between the processor and the memory in a computer, so temporary instructions are usually stored in cache memory (Carter, 2001). Cache memory stores part or all of a program when it is being processed and also stores the data required by the processor for different factions. Some of the strategies used in caching to increase efficiency

Australian Food and Nutrition Policy Research Paper

Australian Food and Nutrition Policy - Research Paper Example These diseases are now prevalent among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. Lee et al (1994) investigated apparent per capita food and nutrient intake in six remote Australian Aboriginal communities. They found that in comparison to the rest of the Australian community, intake of sugars and sweetened soft drinks were much higher, and intake of whole grains, fruit and vegetables were much lower in Aboriginal communities. Furthermore, they found that white sugar, white flour, bread and meat provided over 50% of the apparent total energy intake for the people of these Aboriginal communities. The high intake of refined carbohydrates and the high percentage of energy intake from meat with excessive visible fat may help explain the prevalence of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Aboriginal communities. Hence there is a real need in these communities for a program that will help people modify their patterns of food consumption. A high fibre intake program is proposed to promote consumption of whole grains, vegetables and fruit in Aboriginal populatio n, in order to reduce the prevalence of diet-related diseases. To improve nutrition and public health ... s action plan has been developed for all Australians, and the promotion of Indigenous health is also included; the companion document to the EWA program is the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nutrition Strategy and Action Plan (NATSINSAP). The proposed high fibre intake program is intended to reinforce the importance of a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grain products as outlined by the EWA program, and to improve the accessibility of these foods in remote and rural communities to meet the dietary needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Program aim The high fibre intake program aims to increase the intake of dietary fibre in Aboriginal communities by promoting consumption of whole grain products, fresh vegetables and fruit in order to reduce and eventually eliminate the health gap between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and the rest of the Australian population. It is hoped that modifying consumption patterns in this way will reduce the incidence of diet-related diseases in these populations. Program objectives Increase the availability of whole grain products in remote and rural food retail sectors. Increase the availability of fresh vegetable and fruit, and also increase the proportion of caned vegetables and fruit, or dry vegetables and fruit, and juices without added sugar in remote food retail sectors. Disseminate the concept of high fibre intake among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Promote a dietary shift from high fat and high refined carbohydrates to high fibre, low fat, and low refined carbohydrate in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. Rationale A great deal of scientific research has been dedicated to the study of the relationship between dietary fibre and

Explain the process of market segmentation. Why is it thought Essay - 1

Explain the process of market segmentation. Why is it thought necessary for a firm to target specific segments of the market - Essay Example In this era, there is no such thing as a standardized product which is suitable for use by all people. Hence, no firm seeks to target the whole market at large and it is highly difficult to target a large potential market with the same product and the same marketing strategies. No products except maybe staple foods such as fruits, vegetables, bread, butter, and other important dietary supplements are aimed at targeting the whole population of consumers and are standardized products. All other products or services are differentiated and conformed to the needs and wants of various target groups (Greenberg and McDonald, 1989, pp. 95-96). Differentiation refers to adapting the characteristics and marketing of your product/service to fulfill the needs and wants of a particular target market. In order to select the target market for product/ service, a firm must indulge in the process of market segmentation (Greenberg and Mcdonald, 1989, pp. 110-112). Market segmentation is the process of dividing the larger potential market into smaller groups according to similar characteristics. The segmentation can be upon the basis of several variables depending upon the product/service the business is offering and how it plans to target its potential audience. Several advantages of market segmentation enable a business to perform more efficiently and make the business’s selling/ marketing strategies more effective. The first advantage of market segmentation is that segmenting the potential market allows the business to be more focused upon a certain group of customers. This prevents duplication of resources and enables the business to directly target the segment that is more likely to be interested in their product/service offering rather than wasting time and resources upon targeting a massive market that may not be interested in the product/service at all (Yankelovich, 1964, pg. 75-77). Market segmentation allows the business to see the

Mobile Payment Processing Systems and Analytics Research Paper

Mobile Payment Processing Systems and Analytics - Research Paper Example These standards provide the retailers and other merchants with a clear guidance on the payment process. Kaletunc (45) asserts that this kind of payment is very complex; hence, it is plausible for an entity to indulge in it when this technology is inevitably required. In addition, there are risks associated with the interlinking of card payments through mobile devices. The Mobile payment processing entails the use of credit cards on the mobile devices to effect payments with regard to various business transactions. Poor and Lang (37) posit that in this form of payment processing, any consumer handheld devices like the tablets and iPads can be used to effect payments. These devices can only serve as mobile payment processing devices when they get text data clearly. In fact, the consumers have the choice of providing their own mobile devices to effect payment. This has created efficiency and effectiveness in the payment processing due to the fact that the consumer traffic is eliminated and there is personal responsibility in case of any hitch in the payment processing. However, the scenario of the consumer bringing his own device for payment processing at the merchant business location has got its challenges. For instance, the merchant cannot manage to take control of the configuration of the client device. This compromises the retailer’s service delivery and it can culminate in craftiness and fraud among clients. The ‘payment card industry data security standards’ help in guiding the payment processes when the merchant has his own mobile device to serve customers. The standards ought to be complied with in order to avoid any inconvenience and probable fraud in the course of effecting of payment processing. This implies that the standards do not cover any eventuality pertaining to the mobile device ownership by the customers. In this regard, merchants must be very cautious and diligent while affecting the payment processing .This entails analyz ing the payment processes and verifying identity of various cards presented by the clients. The point of sale payment processing is the only scenario which applies with regard to the ‘payment card industry data security standards’. Sparck and Galliers (28) claim that square's mobile card reader technology is covered by the data security standards. The application of the mobile payment processing technology can only be successful when there is transaction security, application security and the mobile device security. There must be prevention of the customer account data from interception during the processing of payment. There must be prevention of data from interception while it is being transmitted from the mobile payment device. This is usually ensured through the use of strong encryption codes for the effecting of payment transactions. The merchants usually protect the customer’s account data through limitation of physical access to the device during transacti ng time. In fact, this is affected through the use of one-on-one service delivery at the point-of-sale (MobileReference, 37). This technological application should be protected from viruses, which destroy the customer payment data. For instance, the creation of malware, spams, Trojan and recycler computer viruses have led to massive destruction of vital documents online. This has also resulted in a total breakdown of some systems where no backup of documents

Philosophical assignment 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosophical assignment 4 - Essay Example â€Å"Things†, on the other hand, implies the object of experience. However, in the historical context, it is profoundly imperative to comprehend what type of function the meaning of Protagoras’s statement plays as well as the influence that it has on the contemporary society. In addition, the statement advocates subjectivistic individualism, which concerns the sense perception, as well as the general truth (Ophuijsen, Raalte, and Stork 198). Plato argues that values such as morality cannot be objective but subjective similar to the matter of taste. Protagoras’ thesis offered a profound philosophical basis for the sophistic understanding of wisdom. This Protagoras epistemology disapproves the statement that if information is knowledgeable, then it should be true universally and not to a particular individual irrespective of the societal background. Additionally, Protagoras and his followers did not agree that ethical duties and morality must be universal. Thus, if it is true that knowledge is relative to a particular person, then the wisdom must be

Police Gratuity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Police Gratuity - Essay Example This paper illustrates that gratuities help in cementing the relationship between the police officers and the public. The police officers who accept gratuities are more informed that police officers who are very strict on law enforcement. Gratuities, therefore, bridge the gap between the police officers and the general public. It offers an avenue where the general public interacts with the police personnel with minimal professional boundaries. On the other hand, it is quite unethical for someone to refuse a gift or an appreciation for favors. Therefore, it serves as a means of expression of human characteristics by the police officer to the public. A gift is known for converting the receiver and the respondent together in a mutual social reciprocation relationship. Gratuities also play a significant role in creating a mutual relationship between the general public and police officers. In the broader perspective, gratuities can be viewed as a method which necessitates community polici ng concept. Police officers, therefore, use gratuities to develop a good relationship with the public. The developed police-public relationship serves as a platform for transferring criminal information from the public to the police officers. Additionally, gratuities are used by criminal investigation department in their investigations. Gratuities reduce the cost of administration of justice. The legal procedure to get justice is sometimes very expensive in terms of resources and time. Additionally, people who are prone to gratuities are frequent users of the police services. The known frequent users of gratuities are businessmen to hide their bad reputation and traits from the general public. On the other hand, gratuities may tamper with police officers ability to administer fair and just services to the public. Police officers are likely to grant preferential treatment to those who are prone to gratuities. In such situation, justice would be administered unfairly. Gratuities overr ate the position of police officer. Police officers who accept gratuities view themselves as very special officers who must be rewarded for their services to the public. Police officers are professionals in their own capacity. They are paid salaries to offer protection and other services to the public. Therefore, acceptance of gratuities is unethical and violation of their professional ethics.

Timeline of Geometry Essay Example for Free

Timeline of Geometry Essay It is believed that geometry first came to being when and Egyptian Pharaoh wanted to tax farmers who raised crops near the Nile River. To do that the pharaoh’s agents had to measure the amount of land that was being used. 1. 2900 BC – The first pyramid was constructed. The knowledge of geometry was important due to the fact it consisted a square base and triangular faces. 2. 2000 BC- It was the earliest record of calculating the area of a triangle, however there is no tangible evidence. 3. 624-547 BC- The Thales of Miletus was said to be the person to bring the science of geometry from Egypt to Greece. He created the Thales’ Theorem. 4. 569-475 BC- The next great geometer was Pythagoras. He had created the Pythagorean Theorem that states in a right triangle the sum of sides A and B are equivalent to side C. 5. 400-355 BC- Eudoxus of Cnidus was the one who discovered the Theory of Proportions. Where in there are methods to find the area and volumes of figures with curves and many other things. 6. 382-283 BC- Euclid of Alexandra who is also known as â€Å"The father of Geometry† created a book called â€Å"The elements†. This book was the main textbook to teach math (mainly geometry). 7. 287-212 BC- Archimedes of Syracuse was the inventor of many mechanical devices such as the screw, the pulley and the lever. He discovered the measurement of a circle and his wrote a book â€Å"On the Sphere and the Cylinder† in which he showed the volumes and surface areas of spheres and cylinders. 8. 1596-1650 – Rene Descartes wrote the famous book â€Å"Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason in the Search for Truth in the Sciences. He created analytic geometry in which the geometric figure is placed into a coordinate system to show evidence and to obtain information using algebraic equations. 9. 1777-1855- Carl Friedrich Gauss with Archimedes and Newton invented non-Euclidian geometry prior to the work of Janos Bolyai and Nikolai Lobachevsky. Non-Euclidian geometry refers to any geometry that is not based in anything that predicates through Euclid. 10. 1982- The most recent development in geometry is fractal geometry. It was created by Benoit Mandelbrot in his book called â€Å"The Fractal Geometry of Nature†. Where it states that a fractal is a geometric shape that is self-similar and has fractional dimensions.